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COMPUTER DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
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Computer design is concerned with the hardware architecture and systems software of the computer. Once the computer specifications are formulated it is the task of the designers to develop hardware and software for the system along with determining how the components should be configured and connected.

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TECHNOLOGY - TK
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SUBJECT EXPERTS I
SUBJECT EXPERTS II

RESEARCH GUIDES
COMPUTER NEWS
Program Development

The design and manufacturing process of any type of computer must include: problem definition, problem analysis, algorithm development, coding and documentation along with development of testing, debugging, and maintenance procedures.

Design Aspects

The design-build process can be divided into five primary segments: team selection, project planning, design, Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP) bidding, and construction. For the most part, these steps will happen sequentially, but not necessarily independent of one another.

Design Constraints

Design impediments are those constraints that are barriers hindering the development of the end product solution. The constraints may be imposed on the hardware, software, data, operational procedures, interfaces, or any other part of the computer development system.

Design Optimization

Computer blueprint optimization is an engineering configuration methodology using a mathematical formulation of an outlined problem. It serves to support selection of the optimal design from among many alternatives. Combination of Variables are expressed as equalities or inequalities for any acceptable design alternative to be adopted.

Software Designed Computers

Computer-aided design software will facilitate the transition from the design phase to the manufacturing process. CAD can be combined with Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) to form a single platform that encodes geometric data mechanically in three dimensional format(s). This facilitates the design and production of components.

Design Process/Simulation

Through the use of process / simulation engineers along with technicians can quantify the effects of computer components on overall system performance based on the variables and objectives that have been predetermined. This analytical approach is useful analysing, developing, and simulating the technical design processes.

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The computer was born to solve problems that did not exist before.

- Bill Gates: - 1955 AZ Quotes



COMPUTER DESIGN

Basic Organization of a Computer System

Any computer can perform the four basic operations of Input, Processing, Output, and Storage (IPOS). These operations constitute the IPOS cycle. The internal design or structure of a computer may differ from one system to another though the basic operations remain the same. Figure 1.1 provides a block diagram of a computer. The figure displays all the functional units of a computer which carry out the basic computer operations. The lines in the figure indicate the flow of instructions and data, while the Control Unit and the Arithmetic/Logical Unit together direct the flow of control in the central processing unit.





computer chart.




Input

Data and instructions are entered into the computer through the input unit to get processed into information. Input devices like the keyboard, the mouse, or the microphone are used to enter the data. The data is entered in various forms depending on the type of input devices. For instance, a keyboard can be used to input characters, numbers, and certain symbols; a mouse is a device that has an on-screen pointer that enables the users to select items and choose options; a microphone can be used if the user wishes to enter instructions by making a voice entry. Regardless of the ways in which the input devices receive the inputs, the input interfaces convert them into binary codes, i.e., 0s and 1s, as the primary memory of the computer is designed to accept data only in this format. Several advancements can be seen in input devices with devices like cordless keyboards, optical mouse, laser mouse, cordless mouse, etc., being introduced in the market.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The actual processing of the data is carried out in the Central Processing Unit (CPU), which is the brain of computer. The CPU stores the data and instructions in the primary memory of the computer, called the Random Access Memory (RAM) and processes them from this location. The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and the Control Unit (CU) are the two subcomponents of the CPU. The ALU carries out the arithmetic and logical operations while the CU retrieves the information from the storage unit and interprets this information. The CPU also consists of circuitry devices called cache and registers.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

The data and instructions stored in the RAM are transferred to the ALU for processing. The ALU performs the logical and the mathematical operations on the data and the results are temporarily stored in the RAM. After the processing, the final results are stored in the secondary memory, i.e., the storage unit, and are released through an output device.

Control Unit (CU)

The CU obtains the program instructions stored in the primary memory of the computer, interprets them, and issues signals that result in their execution. It helps in maintaining order and directs the operations of the entire system. It selects, interprets, and ensures the proper execution of the program instructions.

Processors

Some computers use more than one processor for processing in order to reduce the load on a single processor.

Output Unit

The output unit passes on the final results of computation to the users through the output devices like the monitor, printer, etc. A monitor displays the final results of the processed data on the screen while a printer can be used for obtaining the output in a printed format. These output devices link the computer with the users. The output interfaces convert the binary code produced by the computer into the human-readable form.

Storage Unit

Before the actual processing takes place, the data and instructions that enter the computer system have to be stored internally. Also, the final results generated by the computer after processing has to be stored before being sent to the output unit. The storage unit of a computer system is designed to store the data generated at various stages of processing. Storage media like hard disks, floppy disks, etc., aid in storing the data in various forms. The hard disk is an integral part of the computer system. It is also referred to as hard drive, disk drive, or hard disk drive. The hard disk provides a large amount of storage space for the programs and data. Computers these days feature a hard disk that has several gigabytes of storage capacity. The CD-ROM/CD-RW drives, DVD drives, and USB ports enable the user to store and exchange data with others using storage media like flash drive s, compact discs (CDs), digital video discs (DVDs), and pen drives.

Computer layout diagram.
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Basic Operational Concepts

An Explanation

Personal Computers (PC) are set to point to the first instructions of the program. The contents of the PC are transferred to the Memory Address Register (MAR) and a Read control signal is sent to the memory. The addressed word is fetched from the location which is mentioned in the MAR and loaded into Memory Data Register (MDR). This post thus contains all the important basic operational concepts.

• Instructions take a vital role for the proper working of the computer.

• An appropriate program consisting of a list of instructions is stored in the memory so that the tasks can be started.

•The memory brings the Individual instructions into the processor, which executes the specified operations.

• Data which is to be used as operands are moreover also stored in the memory.

EXAMPLE: Add LOCA, R0

• First instruction sends the contents of the memory location LOCA into processor Register R0, and meanwhile the second instruction adds the contents of Register R1 and R0 and places the output in the Register R1.

The memory and the processor are are swapped and are started by sending the address of the memory location to be accessed to the memory unit and issuing the appropriate control signals.

•There are n general purpose registers that is R0 to Rn-1.

Performance:
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Performance means how quickly a program can be excecuted.

•In order to get the best performance it is required to design the compiler, machine instruction set and hardware in a coordinated manner.

Connection B / W Processor / Memory

•The block diagram consists of the following components:

1) Memory

2) Memory Address Register (MAR)

3) Memory Data Register (MDR)

4) Personal Computer (PC)

5) Information Retrieval (IR)

6) General Purpose Registers

7) Control Unit (CU)

8) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)





computer chart.




• The instruction that is currently being executed is held by the Instruction Register.

• IR output is available to the control circuits, which generates the timing signal that control the various processing elements involved in executing the instruction.

• The memory address of the next instruction to be fetched and executed is contained by the Program Counter.

• It is a specialized register.

• It keeps the record of the programs that are executed.

• Role of these registers is to handle the data available in the instructions. They store the data temporarily.

• Two registers facilitate the communication with memory.

These registers are:

1) Memory Data Register (MDR)

2) Memory Address Register (MAR)

Memory Data Register (MDR)

A) It contains the data to be written into or to be read out of the addressed location.

Memory Address Register (MAR)

B) The address of the location to be accessed is held by Memory Address Register (MAR).

SOFTWARE
 computer chart.
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