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ELECTRIC AUTOMOBILE DESIGN
EV auto.

Electric vehicles (EV) are either partially or fully powered on electricity. They have lower operating costs than gasoline powered automobiles because they have less moving parts to maintain and are also very environmentally friendly. They also use minimal or no fossil fuels.

SEARCH: LIBRARY of CONGRESS SUBJECT HEADINGS
 EV diagram
TECHNOLOGY - T
  • Subclass TL1 - 4050: Motor vehicles.
  • EV Components
  • EV Facility Design
  • EV Autocad Design
  • EV Thermal analysis
  • EV Enclosure design
  • EV Structural analysis
  • EV Maintenance Facility
  • EV Design / development
  • EV Algorithm development
  • EV Machine analysis / design
  • EV Factory Architectural Design Plan






SUBJECT EXPERTS I
SUBJECT EXPERTS II

RESEARCH GUIDES

ELECTRIC VEHICLE NEWS
Program Development

Establish a working group to supervise Electric / Hybrid infrastructure programs. EV vehicle program advancement includes administrating, budgeting, designing, and developing performance analysis criteria and standards of assembly line operations.

Design Aspects

EV vehicles are powered by an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, which uses energy stored in batteries. The transmission on an EV car performs the same basic function as the transmission on a conventional automobile but the design may be different.

Design Constraints

The current EV design challenges are: limited driving range, high costs, battery issues, long charging time, and inadequate charging infrastructure along with issues with various power semiconductors and other devices are difficult but not impossible to solve.

Design Optimization

The design of a hybrid electric vehicle involves a number of variables that must be optimized for better fuel economy and vehicle performance. This includes calculating payload capacity, monitoring speed parameters, estimating driving range(s) / route(s), battery charge capacity, proper tire inflation, and adequate charging time approximation(s).

Automotive Design Software

EV design software is divided into two categories: industrial design software (IDS), and engineering design / simulation software. IDS includes features that aid in the design of car exterior / interior elements / AUTOCAD /, and cushioning / surface textures. Engineering design and simulation software offer capabilities such as part consolidation and structural optimization.

Design Process/Simulation

The Powertrain Systems Analysis Toolkit (PSAT) can be used as the Hybrid / Electric vehicle simulator. Through the use of simulation, electrical / mechanical engineers can quantify the effects of individual EV components on vehicle performance while implementing their own models / data / controls to achieve different levels of design.

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ELECTRIC AUTOMOBILE 2024
EV image.

The time is right for electric cars - In fact, the time is critical.

- Carlos Ghosn: 1954 - : Kingly Quotes








Developing an Electric Automobile Facility

Planning for innovation and new technology is a necessity for todays' vehicle maintenance facilities. Fleets with predictable routes and consistent domicile and maintenance locations, such as bus transit, solid waste, and public works, are prime candidates for conversion to new zero emissions vehicles, especially battery electric technologies. Too often, today’s facility designs do not consider the needs of the future, despite being expected to last.

Operations and maintenance facilities need to be planned differently to support electric vehicles. Fleets of the future will require highly specialized maintenance, and fleet owners need to consider creative and functional design solutions to accommodate that maintenance. Here are several of the most common considerations for designing new fleet facilities or modifying existing facilities to accommodate future electric vehicles.

In designing a new facility for electric vehicles or making modifications to an existing facility, owners and operators need to be prepared to address a number of questions:

• What training will staff members require?

• What type of vehicle and charging system will maximize the potential of the automobiles?

• What electrical delivery infrastructure is available, and do EV dealers coordinate improvements with their local electric utility provider?

• What modifications or special features must the maintenance facility and parts storage areas include to support the electric vehicle technology?

TRAINING

New vehicles will mean new skills. Electric vehicle operators must be trained on how to drive, troubleshoot, and manage the vehicles while on their routes to maximize their range and meet expectations for performance. Vehicle maintenance staff will require additional training on the inspection and maintenance of electric vehicles and the maintenance and replacement of battery systems in particular. Facility maintenance staff will also require training to assess and maintain the vehicle charging systems components and infrastructure.

auto diagram.

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The building of a new EV facility or transformation of an existing plant into an EV facility can be deceptively complex. With proper planning, the pitfalls for the implementation of a conversion and its impact on O&M facilities can be avoided. Understanding potential impacts and setting a realistic implementation timeline that considers those challenges are keys to success.

PARTS STORAGE

Converting a large fleet of vehicles to electric changes the type and inventory levels of spare parts needed. Initially, spare parts, batteries, and charging system components will likely take more space as the fleet transition is occurring and multiple vehicle types are being supported. However, once a fleet is fully converted to electric power, many experts estimate spare parts storage volumes will be reduced by approximately 20%. As part of upgrades for an all-electric fleet, many modern facilities also add high-density storage systems to reduce parts room space requirements, further reducing space requirements.

VEHICLE PARKING / CHARGING

The type and location of charging systems will influence vehicle parking configurations at O&M facilities. There are currently several different vehicle charging options, each with unique space requirements:

• Plug-in charging — Operator/driver or maintenance staff physically plugs the charging cable into the vehicle. Depending on how these are organized, plug-in cables can be obstacles in parking areas. Room is often required next to the parking space for the charging unit and can require redesigning current parking. Some facilities have also used overhead gantries to allow charging cords to be pulled down from the ceiling to limit parking space impacts.

ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Adequate electrical infrastructure is one of the most important elements in a successful transition to an electric vehicle fleet. It plays a key role in determining a realistic timeline for electric vehicle implementation. Electrical infrastructure items such as transformers, power storage, and electrical distribution devices all require space. Other site and facility impacts will also need to be addressed, like ensuring new equipment does not block the flow of traffic and planning not just for initial operations, but future expansion goals as well.

When planning electric vehicle conversions, fleet administrative personnel have found that communication with the local utility provider and an understanding of infrastructure needs is vital. Fleet owner(s) must work with the area utility company to determine when the necessary power infrastructure can be upgraded so the operations and maintenance facility will have enough power supply. An analysis of space and location requirements for equipment should also be completed to show possible siting of infrastructure. This includes developing a timeline for necessary future facility upgrades and modifications. By performing the infrastructure planning ahead of time, fleet owners can obtain a clear expectation of what changes are necessary, when the system installation will be complete, and when upgrades will be required.

auto diagram.
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• Underground induction charging — Charging infrastructure is underground with power induction in the parking surface and on the underside of vehicles. Underground infrastructure offers the least flexibility for future modification. This requires space for charging units placed above ground and near the parking areas, conduit run underground, and plates embedded in the ground for induction charging.

In addition, other elements of the charging systems, such as transformers and capacitors, require a dedicated area.

VEHICLE CHARGING OPERATIONS

Establishing the method and physical operation of electric vehicle charging is imperative to ensure vehicles are ready when needed. This consideration seems basic, but in practice, it is often a hurdle to implement. Establishing the operational “how, when, and who” of charging operations and the responsibility for verifying the vehicles are properly engaged to charging devices is key to ensuring electric vehicles are ready each day.

In transit operations, this task has usually fallen to the vehicle service (washing/cleaning) staff or hostlers (staff that move vehicles into the service areas). Staff make the necessary charging connection and perform a visual inspection of the vehicle and electrical charging components to ensure proper operation. In solid waste, public works, and private fleets, this task often is required of the vehicle operator when he/she parks the vehicle at the end of a workday.

VEHICLE MAINTENANCE FACILITY MODIFICATIONS

Many maintenance requirements of electric vehicles are similar to a diesel or unleaded fuel vehicle, and the size of the vehicle shop typically will not change. What will change is how that space is used. Depending on the type of electric vehicle, the battery location can require special access for maintenance and removal. This access may be from the underside, interior, or roof of the vehicle.

If the battery system or charging components are located on the roof of the vehicle, maintenance facilities need either fixed or mobile platforms at the correct height. Some vehicles could require overhead crane access for replacing, repairing, and maintaining these systems and components. Existing lifts, lower level work areas, and surface work areas will likely be adequate if batteries or the charging system are beneath the vehicle or in or near the engine compartment, making extensive modifications unnecessary.

Existing lubrication distribution systems will need to be modified to eliminate products specific to conventional engines. Convenience outlets for compressed air and electricity will still be used. Auxiliary power systems may be required for some electrical vehicle configurations to supplement onboard power systems. These systems are typically located in the repair bay and will likely require electrical distribution and supply system upgrades in an existing facility, and close design coordination in a new facility.

Onboard vehicle energy optimization systems and computers, special electronics, and energy storage (batteries) may all require specialized shops, some with special environments and equipment.

CONCLUDING REMARKS:

Designing electric cars is in some ways easier than developing gasoline powered automobiles. Since there is no combustion engine and EV transmissions are easily fitted, engineers can design vehicles that are more compact than before. Not only do electric engines take up less space under the hood, they also don't require an array of accompanying parts such as an air filter, timing belt, spark plugs, clutch or, of course, exhaust pipe. However, there are current EV design challenges — limited driving range, high costs, battery issues, long charging time, and inadequate charging infrastructure along with issues with various power semiconductors and other devices — are difficult, but not impossible to solve. Software plays a vital role in running and subsequent augmentation of an electric vehicle. Power electronics systems and associated control software are critical constituents of an EV, imperative to its operation. The GreenBox is a software-development platform for electric, internal combustion, and hybrid vehicles that would manage vehicle functions like battery management, electric motors, and engine.

LIDAR
 EV Motor.
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